what key detail should be added to strengthen the student’s paraphrasing of this excerpt?

The Basics of Quotations

When you're writing a paper, it is of import to avoid vague generalizations, especially when it comes to paraphrasing other authors.

Learning Objectives

Place problematic generalizations

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• Vague terms like "critics say" or "is widely regarded as" that try to take the identify of particular examples weaken testify by not citing specific sources.
• Quoting and paraphrasing the ideas and knowledge others take prepare forth is a style to show your reader how you arrived at your conclusions.
• You lot must e'er cite ideas, as well every bit any other information other than unremarkably known and accustomed facts.
• Quotations are about appropriate when the writer is especially well-known, when you lot desire to add an air of authorization to the information, and when the exact words are particularly eloquent.
• Paraphrasing gives you more flexibility with sentence structure and allows the reader to hear your unique phonation and reasoning in the paper.

Fundamental Terms

• quote: To echo the verbal words of another with the acknowledgement of the source.
• quotation: A fragment of a human expression that is being referred to by somebody else.
• paraphrase: To restate some other's thoughts or ideas in different words.

Fugitive Generalities

When writing a paper, information technology is of import to avoid vague generalizations, especially when it comes to characterizing the thoughts of others, whether they hold similar or opposite positions to your own. Grab-all phrases such equally "critics say" or "is widely regarded as" are vague and unconvincing because they have no basis for verification. These types of phrases might seem useful to condense enquiry where y'all've discovered ubiquitous agreement on a particular position, merely in those cases, it would be better to cite a series of authors or quote a item case rather than make a sweeping generalization. A properly placed quotation can articulate your position and provide substantiation at the same time. Most often a quotation is taken from the literature, but also sentences from a speech, scenes from a movie, elements of a painting, etc. may be quoted if they further the argument y'all're trying to brand.

Did it bulldoze yous crazy as a kid when an developed in your life told you lot you had to exercise something "Because I said so!," and offered no other justification? Think of that when you lot're about to write, "They say that…," or "Virtually people hold…" You're non giving the reader whatever reason to believe yous. They're going to furrow their brows just equally you did equally a kid, and your trust with your reader will be compromised.

Collecting Quotations

While y'all're researching your topic, when a brilliantly worded sentence catches your eye, save it. When you find a statement summarizing evidence you lot programme to use or show yous think you might use, relieve it. Look for statements that hold with your argument, just also for assertions that contradict your claims, as you'll use these for refutation purposes.

You can use programs similar Zotero or EndNote, or but drag the quotation into a certificate. Just brand sure you're also saving the complete source cloth (for both in-text citations and the reference page), so you lot won't have to go searching for information technology afterward. If you can organize your quotations by topic, so much the better. They'll be much easier to find when you need them.

When to Quote, Paraphrase, and Cite

It's important first to recognize when citations are required. In the U.S., ideas are always attributed to the thinker or writer, as are any facts discovered through research. If you notice information at a particular source, y'all'll usually need to cite that source, though commonly known and accustomed facts (such equally the undisputed dates of a particular war, for case, or the pound equivalent of 32 ounces) demand not be cited.

There are times when a quotation will give you maximum bear on and times when paraphrasing is more effective. Look at the post-obit alternatives in a paper near transforming cultural mores.

• "The weak tin never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the potent," (Gandhi, 1931).
• In fact, as Gandhi said in 1931, offering forgiveness is not a brandish of weakness, but indeed, its opposite.

In this example, while the second sentence isn't a bad summary of the idea, both the syntax of the directly quote and the reputation of the speaker make the quotation far more powerful than the paraphrased reference. Quotations are useful when the writer is specially well-known, when you lot desire to add an air of authority to the information, and when the exact words are particularly eloquent or historically meaning. This i meets all the criteria.

Here's one from an essay about the use of alternative medicine:

• One vivid spot in the ongoing entrada against human trafficking has been the United Nations, founded later on the World State of war II.

In this case, in that location'south no demand to quote or paraphrase. The first part of the judgement is your opinion, and the 2nd part is full general and undisputed knowledge. Widely accustomed facts like when the UN was founded needn't exist paraphrased or cited. If you were to then go on to tell u.s. what exactly the UN has washed to combat human trafficking, you'd demand to cite your sources.

Hither's an example of paraphrasing:

• There are actually 69,436,660 registered Catholics in the United states (22% of the U.Due south. population) according to the American bishops' count in their Official Catholic Directory 2013.

You lot wouldn't demand to quote the directory, because at that place's no more power in the quote than in your summary of it. But since it is a precise number that isn't common knowledge, you exercise need to cite it. Notice that the word "actually" is coloring the phrase. It's the writer's way of disputing a possible perception that the religion is in decline. This is how using your own words gives the option of contextualizing. Paraphrasing gives you more flexibility with judgement structure and allows the reader to hear your unique vox and reasoning in the paper.

The catch with paraphrasing is that y'all need to be certain that all the words you lot're using are actually your own, other than conventional terms and designations (like "registered Catholics"). If at that place are particular phrases within a piece of work yous're paraphrasing that you'd like to quote directly, you'll want to put quotes around those phrases, like this:

In Democracy Matters, for example, West advocates revisiting the foundation of the U.S. Constitution to recognize and counter "free market fundamentalism" which he believes, among other policies, has undercut the document's intention (Due west, 2004).

Here, the phrase "complimentary market fundamentalism" is conspicuously a phrase unique to W's piece of work and must be recognized as such past using the quotation marks.

To Quote or to Paraphrase?

Consider whether you lot should quote, paraphrase, or simply country the following examples:

1. On life: "90 percent of it is half mental."
2. About 68 percent [of people over age 25 in the U.South.] do not have a bachelor's degree.
3. Fewer homes were lost to fires in San Diego County last year than this year.
4. Biting herb combinations accept been used for centuries to stimulate the digestive arrangement.
5. "[The disappearance of honeybees] is the biggest full general threat to our food supply."

The first sentence is a proficient example of something you should quote. Knowing who said it (Yogi Berra) is important, because it's an original idea, and because knowing the speaker is one reason why it's funny. You lot wouldn't want to paraphrase information technology because the exact words are of import to the sense of humour and the diction is unique to the speaker.

Number 2 could exist paraphrased or quoted, but paraphrasing might exist the better choice considering yous could exit out the brackets and put the statistic in context of whatsoever you're writing about—for case, "In fact, despite the assumptions of many centre course parents, only about 32 pct of people living in the United states of america have completed a bachelor's degree," (2015, Politifact.com).

Number three is a scrap of a grayness expanse as far as citation is concerned. You might assume that it'due south a common fact that could be establish anywhere, and then you wouldn't need to cite information technology. That said, it may depend on the context of the quote, and whether it's a disputed idea. If your reader questions it, yous're going to lose credibility without a citation that he or she can follow up on. If it is disputed, you'll want to paraphrase and cite the source. It'due south not likely that quoting straight would provide more credibility, and so it is therefore unnecessary.

Number four would generally non need to be cited, though you'll likely be following information technology up with more specific information that will. You might consider that a quote from an herbalist or md offer the same information might give the skeptical reader a feeling of being on more than solid basis.

Number five is one you'll want to quote directly, as the person who said it (Kevin Hackett, of the USDA) is a cardinal person in the argue about honeybee colony collapse and what to do most it. You lot'll note that there's no question nearly whether or not to cite the source, considering it'southward an original thought, not a common fact.

You see, and so, that while the issue of citation is relatively straightforward—when in uncertainty, cite—the question of quotation versus paraphrase is subtler. It's a decision based both on the needs of the argument and artistic sensibility.

The revision process will be helpful in this regard. You'll discover if your paper plods from one quote to another, overwhelming the reader with other people'south words. You'll as well notice whether it seems less than authoritative and needs the backing of direct quotes. The citations, throughout, are a foundational chemical element, showing the reader how your argument developed and why you retrieve every bit you lot do near the subject. Let those whose shoulders y'all're standing on support yous, only don't let them take over. It's your paper, after all.

Introducing and Formatting Quotations

To quote an author, re-create the writer's exact language and utilize quotation marks to show y'all are reproducing language from another source.

Learning Objectives

Apply formatting rules for using quotations

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Utilise quotation marks effectually a statement to give the original writer or speaker credit.
• When you introduce a quote, pay shut attention to the proper employ of quotation marks and related punctuation.
• To paraphrase is to restate another author 's indicate in your ain words. When you paraphrase, you don't need to use quotation marks, but you still need to requite credit to the writer and provide a commendation. Otherwise, you lot are committing plagiarism.

Central Terms

• paraphrase: A restatement of a text in unlike words, frequently to clarify significant.
• quotation marks: Symbols used to denote a quotation in writing, written at the showtime and end of the quotation.
• quotation: A fragment of a homo expression that is being referred to by somebody else.

Quoting versus Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is using a item thought that you took from another author and putting information technology in your own words. Quoting is using the verbal words of another author. Both methods assist you introduce some other author's work as a means of strategically improving the persuasiveness of your newspaper. Generally, you lot will cull a quotation rather than paraphrasing when you want to add an air of authority to the information you're presenting, when the words you're using are offered by a source of import to your item topic, or when the exact words have historical relevance or are particularly eloquent.

To quote an author, you should copy the writer's exact linguistic communication and frame the words with quotation marks, which signals that you lot are reproducing verbal linguistic communication from another source. Quotation marks give total credit to the original author, then y'all'll need to brand it articulate whose words they are.

Introducing a Quotation

An introductory tag is one way to effectively innovate quotations. This is also known every bit a "bespeak phrase." An introductory tag is a phrase that introduces a quote past providing the authority's proper name and a strong verb. For example:

Desmond Tutu counters, "Racism, xenophobia and unfair discrimination take spawned slavery, when human beings have bought and sold and owned and branded fellow human being beings as if they were then many beasts of burden."

This is merely one way to introduce a quotation, however, and if it's the only method you lot use, your paper could begin to sound stilted. Consider incorporating the quote into a judgement in other means, equally well. You may, for example, explicate the quote before offering information technology:

Thousands of years ago, Gautama Buddha was offer teachings on how not to concur on to hostilities, saying: "Y'all will not be punished for your anger, you will be punished past your anger." This is by no means a new problem.

Formatting and Punctuating Quotations

Quotations call for special rules regarding punctuation:

If a quotation is introduced formally, utilize a colon.

• The writer explicitly states: "Socrates was just a figment of Plato's imagination."

If a quotation is set off with "he said" or "she said" (or the implication of it), use a comma preceding the quotation.

Use an ellipsis (…) to point that there is more than to the quote than you offering here.

• He brought listeners to tears when he ended his last broadcast with his familiar, "And that's the way it is…"

If your quotation has a quotation inside it, the inner quotation needs a pair of unmarried quotation marks and the outer needs a pair of double quotation marks.

• This is the pivotal part of the story: "The doorman cried out, 'You forgot your glaze!' equally he ran after the cab."

If you choose to break up a single-sentence quotation with your own words, use commas to starting time the quotation from your explanation.

• "In the middle of the novel," the critic claims, "the chief character's reflections are restricted by his sense of impending change."

Periods and commas should be placed inside the quotation marks. Colons, semicolons, and dashes should exist placed outside the quotation marks. Question marks and assertion points should exist placed inside the quotation marks, unless the punctuation applies to the whole sentence (non merely the quote).

• When the team's all-time thespian said, "We're in for a bad flavor," it became articulate that the squad's morale wadue south flagging.
• Was America actually listening when President Kennedy said, "Ask what you can do for your country"?

When to Use Brackets Within Quotations

When using quotations, you need to be very careful to copy the words as they appear in the source text. However, you may find that a quotation does not grammatically align with the fashion you want to utilize it, or that the relevance of the quotation may not exist readily apparent to a reader. When that happens, y'all might want to change it slightly in order to make it fit your essay. In such cases, square brackets should exist used effectually words not contained in the original quote.

Brackets can exist used to do the following:

Analyze meaning:

• "[Fiestas] are the lifeblood of this region. Nosotros need to honor our traditions even, and especially, after tragedy." Sr. Gomez told reporters. (The original quotation used the pronoun "They," in answer to a reporter's question about a fiesta.)

Enclose a change in verb tense to better flow with your judgement:

• Silven maintained the assertion throughout his life: "It seems unlikely that this pairing [was] due to a human demand for companionship."

Enclose an explanatory phrase if a word isn't articulate:

• Renowned family therapist Virginia Satir once mused, "I take oft thought had at that place been somebody like me around, something might accept been able to be done [about her own divorce]."

Block Quotations

If you are using a long quotation (iv or more than typed lines), instead of quotation marks, you lot should indent the unabridged quotation five spaces. If the quote is two or more than paragraphs, indent the commencement line of each paragraphs an additional v spaces (maintaining the indent of the rest of the quote). When using this format, yous do not demand to use quotation marks.

Quotation on a rock: A quote on the wall of Thierry Ehrmann'due south "Habitation of Chaos." This graffiti-style quotation cites its source text and folio number.

Paraphrasing

Accordingly paraphrasing the ideas of researchers and authors can add strength to your argument.

Learning Objectives

Distinguish betwixt paraphrasing and summarizing

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• When using your own words to discuss someone else'due south work, you are paraphrasing; when you lot use the words of someone else, you are quoting.
• Both methods aid you to introduce another author 'south work as a means of strategically improving the persuasiveness of your paper, by providing an example or evidence relevant to a claim that y'all have made.
• Arguments are more than powerful when source material is woven through the newspaper with paraphrasing, saving quotations for moments of impact, authority, and eloquence.
• If a quotation needs to be substantially changed, it may be amend to simply paraphrase the author's ideas in your ain words.
• Fully understanding the context of the words you're paraphrasing, and citing the source completely, gives an authentic representation of the source and strengthens your argument.

Key Terms

• context: The surround, circumstances, environment, or background that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of a piece of writing.
• quotation: A fragment of a human expression that is being referred to past somebody else.
• citation: A paraphrase of a passage from a book, or from another person, for the purposes of a scholarly paper.

As you're writing your paper, you'll want to bring in bear witness to support your claims. You'll mostly do this through paraphrasing and quoting what y'all've discovered in the enquiry phase of your writing process. Here, we'll focus on paraphrasing, noting its advisable utilise and differentiating it from other forms of citations.

Paraphrasing Is Different from Summarizing

When you summarize an commodity or book, you're providing an overview of the work, highlighting its major findings or themes. A summary is like looking at a distant source through a telescope: the general shape and ideas are articulate, but the details are fuzzy. You lot may need to offer a summary if your topic is a volume or a report potentially unknown to your reader, so that he or she has a footing for agreement the statement to come, merely when offering evidence, y'all'll usually be choosing to paraphrase rather than summarize.

You want to lead your reader, in your paper, forth the path that brought y'all to your intellectual decision: the thesis statement you set out in the introduction. That means you'll be presenting the reader with the research that convinced y'all of this argument, including statistics that impressed y'all, others' arguments for or confronting a detail position, facts you encountered that shifted your perspective, and fifty-fifty stories or examples that touched y'all emotionally. These all came from somewhere, and you lot'll desire to share their origins with your readers. There are a couple reasons for this:

• Readers like to be able to check things out for themselves. Yous may tell them that 39.4% of adults in the U.Due south. are obese, but they may notice that difficult to believe. When they bank check out the source (the Centers for Affliction Control), however, they'll likely be convinced and more willing to take the premise you lot're edifice on.
• Citing sources makes you credible with both your audition and with those you're paraphrasing. Information technology shows yous're not pretending that the data you've gathered is solely from your own heed, just you're building on what others have said, observed, and experienced. That's what inquiry is all virtually.

Paraphrasing will be the virtually common way to share with your readers what you've found. When you paraphrase, you're maintaining the aforementioned level of detail as the original source (dissimilar summarizing), but you lot're synthesizing what y'all've read to create a seamless statement.

Why Non Just Use Quotations?

Imagine how inclement a paper would exist, jumping from 1 person 'due south words to another, to some other, and another with but transition sentences in between. It would exist very difficult to follow, and your own vox would be drowned out by all the "experts." Expository writing isn't about giving united states of america other people'south opinions—it's about giving u.s. your own. Those other voices are there to support y'all and your argument.

What you'll be doing, then, is writing what y'all think and weaving in evidence to back up your thinking. For example, wait at the following paragraph:

"An ethical approach, while both admirable and arguably an improvement in today's educational organisation, does not go far enough every bit a method of truly connecting man beings to i some other and to their true nature. In her book Caring: A Feminine Arroyo to Ideals and Moral Education, Nel Noddings offers a more feminine arroyo to education—one based on receptivity—that prioritizes caring over justice."

You see here that the writer has a firm grasp of both the topic and the approach Nel Noddings describes. Even though he is citing evidence and even a specific source, the voice is all the same his, weaving Dr. Noddings'south thoughts into his ain. This kind of weaving is the master reason to use paraphrasing.

Another reason is to save direct quotations for impact. If you lot quote only when the source volition offering an air of authority to your argument, when the exact words are either historically important or especially eloquent, or when the source is of primary importance to your topic, the quotes volition carry much more weight. In all other instances, paraphrasing will move the narrative along much more than smoothly, tying it to your own style along the manner.

Even when you want to use a quote, it sometimes needs to be changed and then substantially to fit your narrative that information technology may be amend to only cite the writer'due south ideas in your own words.

Actuality in Paraphrasing

As with any instance of appealing to some other author'south work inside your own, whether you use paraphrasing or quotation, the primary criterion for apply should ever exist its relevance to your thesis and claims. All the same, you lot'll need to exist certain that yous're not twisting or manipulating another author's words to match your own purposes.

Make notes during the inquiry phase on the context of each piece of show you find, and double-bank check that context for relevance to your own claim. This volition ensure that you accept not misused some other author's piece of work for your own purposes.

If you discover an article that quotes a book, an interview, or another article, do your best to track down the original source so you can be sure of its context. For example, people sometimes quote Robert Frost as saying, "Good fences make adept neighbors." If y'all read the verse form, yet, you lot'll find that the judgement is ironic: it's a sad quip offered by the neighbor of the narrator in the poem, not a saying for how to live well.

Forms of Citation

Another office of authenticity, of course, is citing your sources correctly and completely. The form of citation within the text will vary based on the style you lot're asked to use, but you will need, at a minimum, the title of the work and the name of the drove (if any) information technology is in, the publication date, the writer's or authors' proper noun(south), the editor'southward proper noun, if whatsoever, and the page number(s) of the cloth you're paraphrasing. All of this helps your reader observe the source material.

Interlocking architectural components: Paraphrasing links your own thinking with the ideas and enquiry of others, creating a strong and engaging statement.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-writing/chapter/quoting-and-paraphrasing/

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